Brief Description:  Medieval Korean cannons, primarily developed during the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties, were known as chongtong. Cast in heavy bronze, these weapons included massive ship-mounted artillery capable of firing 9-foot-long iron-tipped darts, as well as the hwacha—a mobile war cart that could unleash volleys of up to 200 rocket-propelled arrows.

The core of Korean medieval artillery was the chongtong, a cylindrical barrel weapon designed in various sizes.

Classification: Categorized by size, ranging from small hand cannons like the Se-chongtong to heavy mounted cannons such as the Cheonja (Heaven), Jija (Earth), and Hyeonja (Black) chongtong.

Ammunition: Instead of standard cannonballs, they often fired massive wooden arrows tipped with heavy iron heads called daejanggunjeon. These acted like medieval anti-ship missiles, easily piercing heavy wooden hulls. They could also fire grapeshot and iron balls.

Design: Many of these guns featured built-in tillers (wooden handles) and were mounted on swivels, allowing soldiers and naval forces to quickly adjust the firing angle.